“Efecto acordeón”: ¿Una nueva complicación de los modernos stent farmacoactivos? (en inglés)
“Concertina effect”: A new complication with modern DES?
Por Michael O’Riordan
Belfast, UK, October 13, 2011 – A case report published online October 5, 2011 in EuroIntervention suggests that the pursuit of stent deliverability and flexibility might have compromised the longitudinal strength of some of the newer stents [1]. The case series describes three patients who experienced compression of the stent along its longitudinal axis—including a “concertina effect,” drawing the edges of the stent closer together, as well as deformation that separated the struts leaving part of the artery unsupported—which, if undetected, would have led to a poor technical result in the intermediate and long term, according to the researchers.
To heartwire, Dr Simon Walsh (Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Northern Ireland), who reported the three cases of compromised integrity along with Dr Colm Hanratty (Belfast Health and Social Care Trust), said there are two issues with the newer stents, the first being compression along the longitudinal axis and the second being a form of distortion that can be caused by larger guide catheters damaging the stent, subsequently compromising its longitudinal strength.
“What we’re seeing is probably a consequence of changing practice,” said Walsh. “The move over the years has been for stents to have thinner struts and to have different designs that would make them more flexible and deliverable in very tortuous and calcified coronary arteries. That’s been the trend across the industry, and it’s been an advance, but we’re starting to see that once we use the stents in some of our more challenging subsets of patients, there are some limitations.”
Compromised integrity along the longitudinal axis
In their report, Hanratty and Walsh report their experiences in three patients using three different drug-eluting stents (DES). In the first, a 50-year-old male admitted for PCI of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery and diffuse disease of the right coronary artery, including chronic total occlusion at the origin of the posterior descending branch, was treated with the cobalt-chromium everolimus-eluting Promus Element stent (Boston Scientific). After the guide catheter was maneuvered, the enhanced radiographic visibility of the stent revealed that it had been crushed longitudinally, a result they attribute to damage caused by the guide catheter.
In the second case, a 72-year-old male with multivessel disease was treated with the biolimus-eluting BioMatrix stent (Biosensors International) that uses an abluminal biodegradable polymer. The stent compressed longitudinally at the proximal and distal edges, requiring multiple postdilation balloon inflations and the deployment of another stent. In a third patient, one treated with the zotarolimus-eluting Endeavor stent (Medtronic), assessment by intravascular ultrasound showed the stent had been compressed in a “concertina fashion” by the guide catheter at the ostium of the left main stem.
“The main focus for many years has been to produce stents with radial strength, so that they’re not compressed in a circular fashion,” said Walsh. “The longitudinal issue hasn’t really been on anybody’s radar until now. Longitudinal strength has never been one of the defining features of the stents. We’ve always wanted the stent to support the vessel, to be deliverable, and deliver the drug, but nobody would have ever come to a stent company five years ago and asked for a stent that can’t be compressed longitudinally. It was never part of the design game before.”
In an accompanying engineering perspective [2], Drs Peter Mortier and Matthieu De Beule (University of Ghent, Belgium) agree that the design of the stent platforms has been overshadowed by the efficacy of the drug in DES. The latest report brings the design of standard metallic stents into the spotlight again. Strut thickness of the stent platforms is now less than 100 µm, and the improved flexibility and deliverability is the result of a reduced number of connectors or bridges between the adjacent stent rings. The differences in stent platform design, which vary from stent to stent, “will undoubtedly lead to a significant variation between the longitudinal stiffness and strength of the available devices.”
Dr Patrick Serruys (Thoraxcenter, Rotterdam, the Netherlands), the editor in chief of EuroIntervention, agreed with the engineers that stent design or even the alloy and thickness of struts could be responsible for the “new” complication in newer-generation stents. He does not, however, believe the complication to be a class effect, noting it is unfair to lump all the stents and stent manufacturers into one group, given their different characteristics. He does state, though, in a brief letter accompanying the two published papers, that the findings “could have a critical effect on our judgment and assessment of the so-called second-generation stents.”
Problem first observed two years ago
Walsh told heartwire that the first case of longitudinal compromise in a patient was reported about two years ago. In the years before DES, stents were designed for larger vessels, but the field of interventional cardiology has advanced where clinicians can routinely treat challenging lesions, and as a result the geometry and strut thickness has been altered to make the stents easier to use. Dr John Ormiston (Mercy Angiography, Auckland, New Zealand), who has conducted studies examining the longitudinal integrity issue, agrees with Walsh that evolving stent design, including thinner struts, fewer connectors between struts, and the orientation of those connectors, has possibly led to some trade-offs with stents.
To heartwire, Ormiston said the Promus Element and, to a lesser extent, the Endeavor stent appear to be more vulnerable to longitudinal compression than the other stents, based on their geometric design. That said, Ormiston believes the Element stent has advantages some of the other stents do not have, such as increased radiographic visibility, flexibility, deliverability, and radial strength, as well as its safety and effectiveness. “This is just one characteristic that we need to think about,” he said. “We want to keep this in perspective. These are great stents, and they have lots of other positive characteristics to exploit.”
Ormiston said the issue is now being recognized by some clinicians, but the prevalence of the problem is not yet known. It’s not a common problem, and “it’s not an absolute disaster,” he said, as there are things clinicians can do to reduce the risk of longitudinal compromise.
In terms of patient characteristics, Ormiston said the issue is more likely to occur in proximal disease, as the guiding catheter might protrude into the artery and cause damage in the proximal end of the stent. He advises clinicians, if they are having trouble crossing the stent with a postdilation balloon, to switch to a more flexible, compliant balloon to reduce the risk of damage. When a stent is compressed, postdilation is needed to gain apposition against the artery wall, but if the stent structure is compromised, with increased separation between the struts, which can happen if damaged by a guide catheter, a patient might require another stent, he said.
“In surveys, what cardiologists say they want most is deliverability, so the number of connectors between struts has been reduced to improve flexibility, but the consequence is that the longitudinal integrity is not what it used to be,” said Ormiston. “However, the thing here is not to become too obsessed with longitudinal integrity, because it’s only one factor in the stent selection decision. Some of the older stents, like the Cypher Select stent, had six connectors between the hoops and huge stability from the point of view of longitudinal integrity, but it was very stiff and not as easy to use as contemporary stents.”
Hanratty and Walsh report no conflicts of interest. Mortier and De Beule are shareholders of FEops, an engineering consultancy company spun off from the Ghent University, and have consulted for several medical-device companies. Ormiston reports consulting for Abbott Vascular and Boston Scientific.
Referencias
1. Hanratty CG, Walsh SJ. Longitudinal compression: A “new” complication with modern coronary stent platforms—time to think beyond deliverability. EuroIntervention 2011. Available here.
2. Mortier P, De Beule. Stent design back in the picture: An engineering perspective on longitudinal stent compression. EuroIntervention 2011. Available here.
Fuente: http://www.theheart.org/article/1294411.do
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